報告書番号

Y97007

タイトル（和文）

民間主体の排出権市場日本における温暖化対策制度設計試案

タイトル（英文）

EMISSION-RIGHTS MARKET LED BY PRIVATE SECTOR-PROPOSAL FOR INSTITUTIONAL SCHEME TO MITIGATE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN JAPAN

概要 （図表や脚注は「報告書全文」に掲載しております）

京都議定書の特徴に基づいた国内制度のあり方について検討した。その中で，有力な案の一つとして，「民間主体の排出権市場」を提案した。京都議定書では厳しい排出削減数値目標が設定されたため，それをわが国のみの削減を通じて遵守する場合には，膨大なコストがかかることが予想される。しかしながら，民間主体の排出権市場制度を活用することによって，排出削減コストを減らし，その経済的悪影響を最小限に抑えることが可能となる。本研究においては，検討に値する国内制度の叩き台として，具体的にこれらの制度設計に関して提案を行った。その骨子は（１）排出権の水際割当て，（２）排出権の過剰数値割当て，（３）取引きにには国の内外を問わず，あらゆる法人・個人が加わること，（４）政府は，排出権市場の監督及び排出権の認証といった，市場整備の役割と，排出権供給量の調整といった，中央銀行的な役割を担うこと，（５）制度導入にあたり移行措置を設ける，である。

概要 （英文）

THE KYOTO PROTOCOL WAS ADOPTED AT THE THIRD CONFERENCE OF THE PARTY (COP3) TO THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE (FCCC). THE PROTOCOL HAS THREE CHARACTERISTICS: AMBITIOUS EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS, CONCEPTUAL APPROVAL OF SO-CALLED FLEXIBILITY, ANDPOSTPONEMENT OF DETAILED INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN. ALTHOUGH THERE HAS BEENMUCH DISCUSSION ON HOW TO DESIGN A JAPANESE DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONAL SCHEME IN RESPONSE TO THE PROTOCOL, MOST PUT EMPHASIS ON A TRADITIONAL COMMAND AND CONTROL APPROACH. THEY ARE NOT NECESSARILY APPROPRIATE. WE EXAMINE POSSIBLE DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONAL SCHEMES, AND PROPOSE AN EMISSION-RIGHTS MARKET LED BY THE PRIVATE SECTOR. WE BELIEVE THE SCHEME IS APPROPRIATE FOR JAPAN IN RESPONSE TO THE PROTOCOL. AN EMISSION-RIGHTS MARKET WOULD DRASTICALLY REDUCE MITIGATION COSTS THAT MIGHT SOAR IN A COMMAND AND CONTROL SCHEME, GIVEN THE AMBITIOUS EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS. POSSIBLE VARIATIONS OF THE MARKET ARE DISCUSSED AND SEVERAL PROPOSALS ARE MADE. THE MAJOR CONTENTS OF THE SCHEME ARE AS FOLLOWS: (1)EMISSION RIGHTS ARE ALLOCATED FIRST TO FUEL IMPORTERS IN PROPORTION TO THEIR PAST EMISSIONS (GRANDFATHERING BASE). (2)THE TOTAL EMISSION RIGHTS ALLOCATED FIRST ARE MORE THAN THE COP3 REDUCTION TARGET. THE GOVERNMENT IS REQUIRED TO PURCHASE SOME EMISSION RIGHTS FROM THE MARKET IN ORDER TO MEET THETARGET. (3)ANYONE CAN PARTICIPATE IN THE EMISSION-RIGHTS MARKET. (4)THE GOVERNMENT HAS TWO ROLES: (I)PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE MARKET, AND (II)ADJUSTMENT OF THE EMISSION RIGHTS SUPPLY TO THE MARKET. (THIS ROLE IS SIMILAR TO THE CENTRAL BANK IN FINANCIAL MARKETS.) (5)A TWO-STEP APPROACH IS ADOPTED FOR A SMOOTH TRANSITION TO THE EMISSION-RIGHTS MARKET SCHEME. BEFORE THE FIRST COMMITMENT TO COP3, SPONTANEOUS EMISSION REDUCTIONS ARE ENCOURAGED AND RECORDED (FIRST STEP). THESE RECORDS ARE TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION IN THE EMISSION-RIGHTS MARKET (SECOND STEP) AT COMMITMENT TO COP3.

報告者

キーワード