報告書番号

Y90001

タイトル（和文）

米国電気事業における実時間料金制の現状と研究課題

タイトル（英文）

SURVEY OF UTILITY REAL-TIME PRICING PROGRAMSIN THE U.S.

概要 （図表や脚注は「報告書全文」に掲載しております）

国内外における実時間料金制（リアルタイム料金，スポット料金とも呼ばれる）に対する関心の高まりに応えて，米国において実時間料金制がどのような背景・動機で導入されようとしているのか，いかなる評価を得て，課題があるのかを明らかにした。主な調査結果は以下の通りである。（１）実時間料金を実験あるいは導入する目的は，１）大口商工業用需要家に対して自家発やコージェネへの移行の阻止，オフピーク需要の喚起，２）住宅用需要家に対して情報通信技術や負荷制御技術の商業化の実証，３）実時間料金の受容性や負荷調整等需要家の反応の調査，が挙げられる。（２）エネルギー管理システムやエネルギー貯蔵設備を既に設置した需要家は，実時間料金に反応しやすい。病院，冷凍食品配送センターといった従来負荷調整の容易でないと思われる業種が比較的弾力的な反応を示している。（３）予め価格を固定してしまう季節別料金の時間帯をきめ細

概要 （英文）

REAL-TIME PRICING (RTP) IS A SERVICE OPTION IN WHICH THE PRICE OF ELECTRICITY VARIES WITH TIME BASED ON THE AVAILABILITY AND MARGINAL COST OF SUPPLY,DEMAND LEVELS,AND SERVICE VALUES. THIS REPORT SURVEYS OVERALL TRENDS IN U.S.ELECTRIC UTILITY EXPERIENCE WITHINTEREST IN RTP,THE REASONS FOR U.S.INTEREST IN IT,AND ISSUES ENCOUNTERED IN IMPLEMENTING RTP EXPERIMENTS AND PROGRAMS. (1) UTILITY OBJECTIVES OF RTP INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: ･ FOR LARGE INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL CUSTOMERS,TO DISCOURAGE COGENERATION,AND TO ENCOURAGE OFF-PEAK LOAD GROWTH ･ FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS,TO DEMONSTRATE THE COMMERCIAL VIABILITY OF COMMUNICATIONS/LOAD-CONTROL TECHNOLOGY ･TO GENERATE CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR DATA ON PRICE RESPONSIVENESS AND PREFERENCES FOR SUPPLY RELIABILITY (2) BY AND LARGE,U.S.RTP PROGRAMS ARE AIMED AT LARGE-LOAD INDUSTRIAL CUSTOMERS. THE PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY (PG&E) PIONEERED HOURLY CHANGES IN PRICES OVER THE ENTIRE DAY. PRICES ARE TYPICALLY SET ANYWHERE FROM ONE DAY TO ONE YEAR AHEAD ON THE BASIS OF ANTICIPATED MARGINAL COSTS AND ARE COMMUNICATED TO THE CUSTOMER AT LEAST A DAY IN ADVANCE. THE NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORPORATION (NMPC) IS THE ONLY UTILITY TAKING THE INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER APPROACH TO ACHIEVING REVENUE NEUTRALITY. THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS NATIONWIDE CURRENTLY TAKING FIRM SERVICE UNDER ANRTP TARIFF IS NO MORE THAN FIFTY AND IS CONCENTRATED AT PG&E,SCE,AND NMPC. (3) ONLY TWO UTILITIES-GEORGIA POWER AND ORANGE & ROCKLAND UTILITIES HAVE EXPERIMENTED WITH RESIDENTIAL RTP PROGRAMS.HOWEVER,NO UTILITY SEES RTP AS A CURRENTLY-VIABLE OPTION FOR RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS. (4) IT IS NOTABLE THAT COMMERCIAL-SECTOR ENTERPRISES SUCH AS A FOOD-DISTRIBUTION CENTER,A COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY AND A LARGE OFFICE BUILDING WITH AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM HAVE RESPONDED MORE TO HOURLY PRICE SIGNALS THAN LARGE-PROCESS INDUSTRIES. (5) I EXAMINED THE ADVANTAGES OF RTP WHEN COMPARED WITH TOU RATES DUE TO THE SUPERIOR ADAPTABILITY OF RTP TO UNPREDICTABLE FLUCTUATIONS IN DEMAND OVER TIME

報告者

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